Believe it or not, there are parts of the internet that Google can’t reach.
The dark web is made up of websites hidden from search engines that can only be accessed using special software.
The dark web is used by many people for different things but it’s infamously used by criminals to hide illegal activity online.
So what exactly is the dark web, where did it come from, and how does it work?
What is the dark web?
The internet is actually made up of three different layers: the surface web, the deep web, and the dark web.
The top layer, the surface web, are web pages that show up using search engines such as Google – like The Sun’s website.
The deep web is web pages that search engines can’t access and are therefore hidden, accessed via passwords and authorization. Any time you log in to an account you’re accessing deep web content that won’t show up on a search engine. For example, work intranets, password-protected areas of online banking, and draft blog posts are all stored on the deep web.
This means that if someone was to Google your name, your banking information or Amazon wishlist won’t show up in the results.
The dark web is a network of untraceable online activity and websites on the internet. They cannot be found using search engines and to access them you need to use specific software, configurations, or have authorization. They are used by lots of different people to keep their web activity hidden.
Just like the forest, the dark web hides things well – it hides actions and it hides identities.
Where did the dark web come from?
The dark web was actually created by the US government to allow spies to exchange information completely anonymously.
US military researchers developed the technology, known as Tor (The Onion Router) in the mid-1990s and released it into the public domain for everyone to use.
The reason was so that they could stay anonymous – it would be harder to distinguish the government’s messages between spies if thousands of other people were using the same system for lots of different things. Tor now hosts roughly 30,000 hidden sites.
It’s called The Onion Router because it uses the technique of onion routing – making websites anonymous through layers of encryption.
Most websites are also hosted on the .onion domain.
How does the dark web work?
The best explanation so far has been published by Daniel Prince, Associate Director Security at Lancaster University, on The Conversation.
Prince says: “So just for a minute imagine that the whole internet is a forest – a vast expanse of luscious green as far as the eye can see. And in the forest are well-worn paths – to get from A to B.”
“Think of these paths as popular search engines – like Google – allowing you as the user the option to essentially see the wood from the trees and be connected. But away from these paths – and away from Google – the trees of the forest mask your vision.”
“Off the paths, it is almost impossible to find anything – unless you know what you’re looking for – so it feels a bit like a treasure hunt. Because really the only way to find anything in this vast forest is to be told where to look.”
“This is how the dark web works – and it is essentially the name given to all the hidden places on the internet.”
“Just like the forest, the dark web hides things well – it hides actions and it hides identities. The dark web also prevents people from knowing who you are, what you are doing and where you are doing it.”
Who uses the dark web and why?
The dark web is used by all sorts of people for all sorts of reasons – but it’s not surprising that it’s used for illegal activity.
A study by the University of Portsmouth in 2014 found that the most wanted type of content on Tor was child porn, followed by black markets for goods such as drugs, personal details, and even guns.
This type of site is regularly busted by the police, who compromise them by distributing viruses and malware to users.
The dark web is also used for hiding online activity related to finance, extremism, arms, hacking, abuse, and fraud.
However, for others, the dark web has positive uses. For example, it can be used to avoid a national firewall, such as China, where users are normally blocked from accessing hidden sites.
It can also be used as a tool for whistleblowing – the infamous website WikiLeaks is hosted on the dark web, allowing whistleblowers to anonymously upload classified information to the press.
Do police ever catch people using the dark web?
Yes – although using the dark web makes it easier to evade detection, governments around the world are working to index, sort, and catalog the dark web as well as monitor it as much as they can. The UK government has a dedicated cybercrime unit to tackle the dark web with a focus on taking down serious crime rings and child porn.
Just earlier this year police caught Richard Huckle ‘Britain’s worst-ever pedophile’ by secretly taking over a dark website dedicated to child abuse.
The online network was made up of over 45,000 people who swapped sickening videos and images of children on a dark-web forum which was only accessible through a specially encrypted browser.
Another takedown, called Operation Onymous, involved seventeen different countries, coordinated by Europol and the FBI, which revealed over 400 “hidden services.”
The operation led to hundreds of pounds worth of Bitcoin being seized and 17 arrests – but only one person was identified and taken into custody.
Who is Ross Ulbricht?
One of Ross Ulbricht’s supporters stands outside a federal courthouse in Manhattan on the first day of his trial in 2015.Getty Images.
Ross Ulbricht was the man behind Silk Road, the internet’s biggest market for illegal drugs – which was hosted on the dark web.
A courtroom sketch of Ross UlbrichtAP
Silk Road was reportedly worth $34.5 million and had nearly one million anonymous customers. On Silk Road, you could buy drugs, services (such as hacking into Facebook accounts), pirated content, fake passports, and more. You could even check the reviews and star ratings of each dealer left by other customers.
Ulbricht was caught by the FBI in 2013, who shut down Silk Road and convicted him of money laundering, computer hacking, conspiracy to traffic fraudulent identity documents, and conspiracy to traffic narcotics in February 2015. He was sentenced to life in prison.
Ulbricht will also be tried for procuring murder – FBI indictments claimed he ordered two hitmen to kill people he thought would expose the identity of his clients.
